#pragma omp declare simd¶

The declare simd construct can be applied to a function to enable the creation of one or more versions that can process multiple arguments using SIMD instructions from a single invocation in a SIMD loop. The declare simd directive is a declarative directive. There may be multiple declare simd directives for a function. The use of a declare simd construct on a function enables the creation of SIMD versions of the associated function that can be used to process multiple arguments from a single invocation from a SIMD loop concurrently. The syntax of the declare simd construct is as follows:

#pragma omp declare simd [clause[[,] clause] ...] new-line
[#pragma omp declare simd [clause[[,] clause] ...] new-line]
[...]
function definition or declaration

where clause is one of the following:

simdlen(length)
linear(argument-list[:constant-linear-step])
aligned(argument-list[:alignment])
uniform(argument-list)
inbranch
notinbranch

#pragma omp declare target¶

The declare target directive specifies that variables and functions are mapped to a device for OpenMP offload mechanism.

The syntax of the declare target directive is as follows:

#pragma omp declare target new-line
declarations-definition-seq
#pragma omp end declare target new-line

or

#pragma omp declare target (extended-list) new-line

or

#pragma omp declare target clause[ [,] clause ... ] new-line

where clause is one of the following:

to(extended-list)
link(list)
device_type(host | nohost | any)

#pragma omp declare variant¶

The declare variant directive declares a specialized variant of a base

function and specifies the context in which that specialized variant is used. The declare variant directive is a declarative directive.

The syntax of the declare variant construct is as follows:

#pragma omp declare variant(variant-func-id) clause new-line
[#pragma omp declare variant(variant-func-id) clause new-line]
[...]
function definition or declaration

where clause is one of the following:

match(context-selector-specification)

and where variant-func-id is the name of a function variant that is either a

base language identifier or, for C++, a template-id.

_Noreturn¶

A function declared as _Noreturn shall not return to its caller. The compiler will generate a diagnostic for a function declared as _Noreturn that appears to be capable of returning to its caller. Despite being a type specifier, the _Noreturn attribute cannot be specified on a function pointer type.

abi_tag¶

The abi_tag attribute can be applied to a function, variable, class or inline namespace declaration to modify the mangled name of the entity. It gives the ability to distinguish between different versions of the same entity but with different ABI versions supported. For example, a newer version of a class could have a different set of data members and thus have a different size. Using the abi_tag attribute, it is possible to have different mangled names for a global variable of the class type. Therefore, the old code could keep using the old manged name and the new code will use the new mangled name with tags.

acquire_capability, acquire_shared_capability¶

Marks a function as acquiring a capability.

alloc_align¶

Use __attribute__((alloc_align(<alignment>)) on a function declaration to specify that the return value of the function (which must be a pointer type) is at least as aligned as the value of the indicated parameter. The parameter is given by its index in the list of formal parameters; the first parameter has index 1 unless the function is a C++ non-static member function, in which case the first parameter has index 2 to account for the implicit this parameter.

// The returned pointer has the alignment specified by the first parameter.
void *a(size_t align) __attribute__((alloc_align(1)));

// The returned pointer has the alignment specified by the second parameter.
void *b(void *v, size_t align) __attribute__((alloc_align(2)));

// The returned pointer has the alignment specified by the second visible
// parameter, however it must be adjusted for the implicit 'this' parameter.
void *Foo::b(void *v, size_t align) __attribute__((alloc_align(3)));

Note that this attribute merely informs the compiler that a function always returns a sufficiently aligned pointer. It does not cause the compiler to emit code to enforce that alignment. The behavior is undefined if the returned poitner is not sufficiently aligned.

alloc_size¶

The alloc_size attribute can be placed on functions that return pointers in order to hint to the compiler how many bytes of memory will be available at the returned pointer. alloc_size takes one or two arguments.

• alloc_size(N) implies that argument number N equals the number of available bytes at the returned pointer.
• alloc_size(N, M) implies that the product of argument number N and argument number M equals the number of available bytes at the returned pointer.

Argument numbers are 1-based.

An example of how to use alloc_size

void *my_malloc(int a) __attribute__((alloc_size(1)));
void *my_calloc(int a, int b) __attribute__((alloc_size(1, 2)));

int main() {
  void *const p = my_malloc(100);
  assert(__builtin_object_size(p, 0) == 100);
  void *const a = my_calloc(20, 5);
  assert(__builtin_object_size(a, 0) == 100);
}

allocator¶

The __declspec(allocator) attribute is applied to functions that allocate memory, such as operator new in C++. When CodeView debug information is emitted (enabled by clang -gcodeview or clang-cl /Z7), Clang will attempt to record the code offset of heap allocation call sites in the debug info. It will also record the type being allocated using some local heuristics. The Visual Studio debugger uses this information to profile memory usage.

This attribute does not affect optimizations in any way, unlike GCC’s __attribute__((malloc)).

artificial¶

The artificial attribute can be applied to an inline function. If such a function is inlined, the attribute indicates that debuggers should associate the resulting instructions with the call site, rather than with the corresponding line within the inlined callee.

assert_capability, assert_shared_capability¶

Marks a function that dynamically tests whether a capability is held, and halts the program if it is not held.

assume_aligned¶

Use __attribute__((assume_aligned(<alignment>[,<offset>])) on a function declaration to specify that the return value of the function (which must be a pointer type) has the specified offset, in bytes, from an address with the specified alignment. The offset is taken to be zero if omitted.

// The returned pointer value has 32-byte alignment.
void *a() __attribute__((assume_aligned (32)));

// The returned pointer value is 4 bytes greater than an address having
// 32-byte alignment.
void *b() __attribute__((assume_aligned (32, 4)));

Note that this attribute provides information to the compiler regarding a condition that the code already ensures is true. It does not cause the compiler to enforce the provided alignment assumption.

availability¶

The availability attribute can be placed on declarations to describe the lifecycle of that declaration relative to operating system versions. Consider the function declaration for a hypothetical function f:

void f(void) __attribute__((availability(macos,introduced=10.4,deprecated=10.6,obsoleted=10.7)));

The availability attribute states that f was introduced in macOS 10.4, deprecated in macOS 10.6, and obsoleted in macOS 10.7. This information is used by Clang to determine when it is safe to use f: for example, if Clang is instructed to compile code for macOS 10.5, a call to f() succeeds. If Clang is instructed to compile code for macOS 10.6, the call succeeds but Clang emits a warning specifying that the function is deprecated. Finally, if Clang is instructed to compile code for macOS 10.7, the call fails because f() is no longer available.

The availability attribute is a comma-separated list starting with the platform name and then including clauses specifying important milestones in the declaration’s lifetime (in any order) along with additional information. Those clauses can be:

introduced=version

The first version in which this declaration was introduced.

deprecated=version

The first version in which this declaration was deprecated, meaning that users should migrate away from this API.

obsoleted=version

The first version in which this declaration was obsoleted, meaning that it was removed completely and can no longer be used.

unavailable

This declaration is never available on this platform.

message=string-literal

Additional message text that Clang will provide when emitting a warning or error about use of a deprecated or obsoleted declaration. Useful to direct users to replacement APIs.

replacement=string-literal

Additional message text that Clang will use to provide Fix-It when emitting a warning about use of a deprecated declaration. The Fix-It will replace the deprecated declaration with the new declaration specified.

Multiple availability attributes can be placed on a declaration, which may correspond to different platforms. For most platforms, the availability attribute with the platform corresponding to the target platform will be used; any others will be ignored. However, the availability for watchOS and tvOS can be implicitly inferred from an iOS availability attribute. Any explicit availability attributes for those platforms are still prefered over the implicitly inferred availability attributes. If no availability attribute specifies availability for the current target platform, the availability attributes are ignored. Supported platforms are:

ios

Apple’s iOS operating system. The minimum deployment target is specified by the -mios-version-min=*version* or -miphoneos-version-min=*version* command-line arguments.

macos

Apple’s macOS operating system. The minimum deployment target is specified by the -mmacosx-version-min=*version* command-line argument. macosx is supported for backward-compatibility reasons, but it is deprecated.

tvos

Apple’s tvOS operating system. The minimum deployment target is specified by the -mtvos-version-min=*version* command-line argument.

watchos

Apple’s watchOS operating system. The minimum deployment target is specified by the -mwatchos-version-min=*version* command-line argument.

A declaration can typically be used even when deploying back to a platform version prior to when the declaration was introduced. When this happens, the declaration is weakly linked, as if the weak_import attribute were added to the declaration. A weakly-linked declaration may or may not be present a run-time, and a program can determine whether the declaration is present by checking whether the address of that declaration is non-NULL.

The flag strict disallows using API when deploying back to a platform version prior to when the declaration was introduced. An attempt to use such API before its introduction causes a hard error. Weakly-linking is almost always a better API choice, since it allows users to query availability at runtime.

If there are multiple declarations of the same entity, the availability attributes must either match on a per-platform basis or later declarations must not have availability attributes for that platform. For example:

void g(void) __attribute__((availability(macos,introduced=10.4)));
void g(void) __attribute__((availability(macos,introduced=10.4))); // okay, matches
void g(void) __attribute__((availability(ios,introduced=4.0))); // okay, adds a new platform
void g(void); // okay, inherits both macos and ios availability from above.
void g(void) __attribute__((availability(macos,introduced=10.5))); // error: mismatch

When one method overrides another, the overriding method can be more widely available than the overridden method, e.g.,:

@interface A
- (id)method __attribute__((availability(macos,introduced=10.4)));
- (id)method2 __attribute__((availability(macos,introduced=10.4)));
@end

@interface B : A
- (id)method __attribute__((availability(macos,introduced=10.3))); // okay: method moved into base class later
- (id)method __attribute__((availability(macos,introduced=10.5))); // error: this method was available via the base class in 10.4
@end

Starting with the macOS 10.12 SDK, the API_AVAILABLE macro from <os/availability.h> can simplify the spelling:

@interface A
- (id)method API_AVAILABLE(macos(10.11)));
- (id)otherMethod API_AVAILABLE(macos(10.11), ios(11.0));
@end

Availability attributes can also be applied using a #pragma clang attribute. Any explicit availability attribute whose platform corresponds to the target platform is applied to a declaration regardless of the availability attributes specified in the pragma. For example, in the code below, hasExplicitAvailabilityAttribute will use the macOS availability attribute that is specified with the declaration, whereas getsThePragmaAvailabilityAttribute will use the macOS availability attribute that is applied by the pragma.

#pragma clang attribute push (__attribute__((availability(macOS, introduced=10.12))), apply_to=function)
void getsThePragmaAvailabilityAttribute(void);
void hasExplicitAvailabilityAttribute(void) __attribute__((availability(macos,introduced=10.4)));
#pragma clang attribute pop

For platforms like watchOS and tvOS, whose availability attributes can be implicitly inferred from an iOS availability attribute, the logic is slightly more complex. The explicit and the pragma-applied availability attributes whose platform corresponds to the target platform are applied as described in the previous paragraph. However, the implicitly inferred attributes are applied to a declaration only when there is no explicit or pragma-applied availability attribute whose platform corresponds to the target platform. For example, the function below will receive the tvOS availability from the pragma rather than using the inferred iOS availability from the declaration:

#pragma clang attribute push (__attribute__((availability(tvOS, introduced=12.0))), apply_to=function)
void getsThePragmaTVOSAvailabilityAttribute(void) __attribute__((availability(iOS,introduced=11.0)));
#pragma clang attribute pop

The compiler is also able to apply implicly inferred attributes from a pragma as well. For example, when targeting tvOS, the function below will receive a tvOS availability attribute that is implicitly inferred from the iOS availability attribute applied by the pragma:

#pragma clang attribute push (__attribute__((availability(iOS, introduced=12.0))), apply_to=function)
void infersTVOSAvailabilityFromPragma(void);
#pragma clang attribute pop

The implicit attributes that are inferred from explicitly specified attributes whose platform corresponds to the target platform are applied to the declaration even if there is an availability attribute that can be inferred from a pragma. For example, the function below will receive the tvOS, introduced=11.0 availability that is inferred from the attribute on the declaration rather than inferring availability from the pragma:

#pragma clang attribute push (__attribute__((availability(iOS, unavailable))), apply_to=function)
void infersTVOSAvailabilityFromAttributeNextToDeclaration(void)
  __attribute__((availability(iOS,introduced=11.0)));
#pragma clang attribute pop

Also see the documentation for @available

callback¶

The callback attribute specifies that the annotated function may invoke the specified callback zero or more times. The callback, as well as the passed arguments, are identified by their parameter name or position (starting with 1!) in the annotated function. The first position in the attribute identifies the callback callee, the following positions declare describe its arguments. The callback callee is required to be callable with the number, and order, of the specified arguments. The index 0, or the identifier this, is used to represent an implicit “this” pointer in class methods. If there is no implicit “this” pointer it shall not be referenced. The index ‘-1’, or the name “__”, represents an unknown callback callee argument. This can be a value which is not present in the declared parameter list, or one that is, but is potentially inspected, captured, or modified. Parameter names and indices can be mixed in the callback attribute.

The callback attribute, which is directly translated to callback metadata <http://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#callback-metadata>, make the connection between the call to the annotated function and the callback callee. This can enable interprocedural optimizations which were otherwise impossible. If a function parameter is mentioned in the callback attribute, through its position, it is undefined if that parameter is used for anything other than the actual callback. Inspected, captured, or modified parameters shall not be listed in the callback metadata.

Example encodings for the callback performed by pthread_create are shown below. The explicit attribute annotation indicates that the third parameter (start_routine) is called zero or more times by the pthread_create function, and that the fourth parameter (arg) is passed along. Note that the callback behavior of pthread_create is automatically recognized by Clang. In addition, the declarations of __kmpc_fork_teams and __kmpc_fork_call, generated for #pragma omp target teams and #pragma omp parallel, respectively, are also automatically recognized as broker functions. Further functions might be added in the future.

__attribute__((callback (start_routine, arg)))
int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread, const pthread_attr_t *attr,
                   void *(*start_routine) (void *), void *arg);

__attribute__((callback (3, 4)))
int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread, const pthread_attr_t *attr,
                   void *(*start_routine) (void *), void *arg);

carries_dependency¶

The carries_dependency attribute specifies dependency propagation into and out of functions.

When specified on a function or Objective-C method, the carries_dependency attribute means that the return value carries a dependency out of the function, so that the implementation need not constrain ordering upon return from that function. Implementations of the function and its caller may choose to preserve dependencies instead of emitting memory ordering instructions such as fences.

Note, this attribute does not change the meaning of the program, but may result in generation of more efficient code.

cf_consumed¶

The behavior of a function with respect to reference counting for Foundation (Objective-C), CoreFoundation (C) and OSObject (C++) is determined by a naming convention (e.g. functions starting with “get” are assumed to return at +0).

It can be overriden using a family of the following attributes. In Objective-C, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_retained)) applied to a function communicates that the object is returned at +1, and the caller is responsible for freeing it. Similiarly, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained)) specifies that the object is returned at +0 and the ownership remains with the callee. The annotation __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)) specifies that the Objective-C method call consumes the reference to self, e.g. by attaching it to a supplied parameter. Additionally, parameters can have an annotation __attribute__((ns_consumed)), which specifies that passing an owned object as that parameter effectively transfers the ownership, and the caller is no longer responsible for it. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

In C programs using CoreFoundation, a similar set of attributes: __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((cf_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((cf_consumed)) have the same respective semantics when applied to CoreFoundation objects. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

Finally, in C++ interacting with XNU kernel (objects inheriting from OSObject), the same attribute family is present: __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((os_consumed)), with the same respective semantics. Similar to __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)), __attribute__((os_consumes_this)) specifies that the method call consumes the reference to “this” (e.g., when attaching it to a different object supplied as a parameter). Out parameters (parameters the function is meant to write into, either via pointers-to-pointers or references-to-pointers) may be annotated with __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) or __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)) which specifies that the object written into the out parameter should (or respectively should not) be released after use. Since often out parameters may or may not be written depending on the exit code of the function, annotations __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_zero)) and __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_non_zero)) specify that an out parameter at +1 is written if and only if the function returns a zero (respectively non-zero) error code. Observe that return-code-dependent out parameter annotations are only available for retained out parameters, as non-retained object do not have to be released by the callee. These attributes are only used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

The family of attributes X_returns_X_retained can be added to functions, C++ methods, and Objective-C methods and properties. Attributes X_consumed can be added to parameters of methods, functions, and Objective-C methods.

cf_returns_not_retained¶

The behavior of a function with respect to reference counting for Foundation (Objective-C), CoreFoundation (C) and OSObject (C++) is determined by a naming convention (e.g. functions starting with “get” are assumed to return at +0).

It can be overriden using a family of the following attributes. In Objective-C, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_retained)) applied to a function communicates that the object is returned at +1, and the caller is responsible for freeing it. Similiarly, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained)) specifies that the object is returned at +0 and the ownership remains with the callee. The annotation __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)) specifies that the Objective-C method call consumes the reference to self, e.g. by attaching it to a supplied parameter. Additionally, parameters can have an annotation __attribute__((ns_consumed)), which specifies that passing an owned object as that parameter effectively transfers the ownership, and the caller is no longer responsible for it. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

In C programs using CoreFoundation, a similar set of attributes: __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((cf_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((cf_consumed)) have the same respective semantics when applied to CoreFoundation objects. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

Finally, in C++ interacting with XNU kernel (objects inheriting from OSObject), the same attribute family is present: __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((os_consumed)), with the same respective semantics. Similar to __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)), __attribute__((os_consumes_this)) specifies that the method call consumes the reference to “this” (e.g., when attaching it to a different object supplied as a parameter). Out parameters (parameters the function is meant to write into, either via pointers-to-pointers or references-to-pointers) may be annotated with __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) or __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)) which specifies that the object written into the out parameter should (or respectively should not) be released after use. Since often out parameters may or may not be written depending on the exit code of the function, annotations __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_zero)) and __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_non_zero)) specify that an out parameter at +1 is written if and only if the function returns a zero (respectively non-zero) error code. Observe that return-code-dependent out parameter annotations are only available for retained out parameters, as non-retained object do not have to be released by the callee. These attributes are only used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

The family of attributes X_returns_X_retained can be added to functions, C++ methods, and Objective-C methods and properties. Attributes X_consumed can be added to parameters of methods, functions, and Objective-C methods.

cf_returns_retained¶

The behavior of a function with respect to reference counting for Foundation (Objective-C), CoreFoundation (C) and OSObject (C++) is determined by a naming convention (e.g. functions starting with “get” are assumed to return at +0).

It can be overriden using a family of the following attributes. In Objective-C, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_retained)) applied to a function communicates that the object is returned at +1, and the caller is responsible for freeing it. Similiarly, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained)) specifies that the object is returned at +0 and the ownership remains with the callee. The annotation __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)) specifies that the Objective-C method call consumes the reference to self, e.g. by attaching it to a supplied parameter. Additionally, parameters can have an annotation __attribute__((ns_consumed)), which specifies that passing an owned object as that parameter effectively transfers the ownership, and the caller is no longer responsible for it. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

In C programs using CoreFoundation, a similar set of attributes: __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((cf_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((cf_consumed)) have the same respective semantics when applied to CoreFoundation objects. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

Finally, in C++ interacting with XNU kernel (objects inheriting from OSObject), the same attribute family is present: __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((os_consumed)), with the same respective semantics. Similar to __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)), __attribute__((os_consumes_this)) specifies that the method call consumes the reference to “this” (e.g., when attaching it to a different object supplied as a parameter). Out parameters (parameters the function is meant to write into, either via pointers-to-pointers or references-to-pointers) may be annotated with __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) or __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)) which specifies that the object written into the out parameter should (or respectively should not) be released after use. Since often out parameters may or may not be written depending on the exit code of the function, annotations __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_zero)) and __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_non_zero)) specify that an out parameter at +1 is written if and only if the function returns a zero (respectively non-zero) error code. Observe that return-code-dependent out parameter annotations are only available for retained out parameters, as non-retained object do not have to be released by the callee. These attributes are only used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

The family of attributes X_returns_X_retained can be added to functions, C++ methods, and Objective-C methods and properties. Attributes X_consumed can be added to parameters of methods, functions, and Objective-C methods.

cfi_canonical_jump_table¶

Use __attribute__((cfi_canonical_jump_table)) on a function declaration to make the function’s CFI jump table canonical. See the CFI documentation for more details.

clang_arm_mve_alias¶

This attribute is used in the implementation of the ACLE intrinsics for the Arm MVE instruction set. It allows the intrinsic functions to be declared using the names defined in ACLE, and still be recognized as clang builtins equivalent to the underlying name. For example, arm_mve.h declares the function vaddq_u32 with __attribute__((__clang_arm_mve_alias(__builtin_arm_mve_vaddq_u32))), and similarly, one of the type-overloaded declarations of vaddq will have the same attribute. This ensures that both functions are recognized as that clang builtin, and in the latter case, the choice of which builtin to identify the function as can be deferred until after overload resolution.

This attribute can only be used to set up the aliases for the MVE intrinsic functions; it is intended for use only inside arm_mve.h, and is not a general mechanism for declaring arbitrary aliases for clang builtin functions.

code_seg¶

The __declspec(code_seg) attribute enables the placement of code into separate named segments that can be paged or locked in memory individually. This attribute is used to control the placement of instantiated templates and compiler-generated code. See the documentation for __declspec(code_seg) on MSDN.

convergent¶

The convergent attribute can be placed on a function declaration. It is translated into the LLVM convergent attribute, which indicates that the call instructions of a function with this attribute cannot be made control-dependent on any additional values.

In languages designed for SPMD/SIMT programming model, e.g. OpenCL or CUDA, the call instructions of a function with this attribute must be executed by all work items or threads in a work group or sub group.

This attribute is different from noduplicate because it allows duplicating function calls if it can be proved that the duplicated function calls are not made control-dependent on any additional values, e.g., unrolling a loop executed by all work items.

Sample usage: .. code-block:: c

void convfunc(void) __attribute__((convergent)); // Setting it as a C++11 attribute is also valid in a C++ program. // void convfunc(void) [[clang::convergent]];

cpu_dispatch¶

The cpu_specific and cpu_dispatch attributes are used to define and resolve multiversioned functions. This form of multiversioning provides a mechanism for declaring versions across translation units and manually specifying the resolved function list. A specified CPU defines a set of minimum features that are required for the function to be called. The result of this is that future processors execute the most restrictive version of the function the new processor can execute.

Function versions are defined with cpu_specific, which takes one or more CPU names as a parameter. For example:

// Declares and defines the ivybridge version of single_cpu.
__attribute__((cpu_specific(ivybridge)))
void single_cpu(void){}

// Declares and defines the atom version of single_cpu.
__attribute__((cpu_specific(atom)))
void single_cpu(void){}

// Declares and defines both the ivybridge and atom version of multi_cpu.
__attribute__((cpu_specific(ivybridge, atom)))
void multi_cpu(void){}

A dispatching (or resolving) function can be declared anywhere in a project’s source code with cpu_dispatch. This attribute takes one or more CPU names as a parameter (like cpu_specific). Functions marked with cpu_dispatch are not expected to be defined, only declared. If such a marked function has a definition, any side effects of the function are ignored; trivial function bodies are permissible for ICC compatibility.

// Creates a resolver for single_cpu above.
__attribute__((cpu_dispatch(ivybridge, atom)))
void single_cpu(void){}

// Creates a resolver for multi_cpu, but adds a 3rd version defined in another
// translation unit.
__attribute__((cpu_dispatch(ivybridge, atom, sandybridge)))
void multi_cpu(void){}

Note that it is possible to have a resolving function that dispatches based on more or fewer options than are present in the program. Specifying fewer will result in the omitted options not being considered during resolution. Specifying a version for resolution that isn’t defined in the program will result in a linking failure.

It is also possible to specify a CPU name of generic which will be resolved if the executing processor doesn’t satisfy the features required in the CPU name. The behavior of a program executing on a processor that doesn’t satisfy any option of a multiversioned function is undefined.

cpu_specific¶

The cpu_specific and cpu_dispatch attributes are used to define and resolve multiversioned functions. This form of multiversioning provides a mechanism for declaring versions across translation units and manually specifying the resolved function list. A specified CPU defines a set of minimum features that are required for the function to be called. The result of this is that future processors execute the most restrictive version of the function the new processor can execute.

Function versions are defined with cpu_specific, which takes one or more CPU names as a parameter. For example:

// Declares and defines the ivybridge version of single_cpu.
__attribute__((cpu_specific(ivybridge)))
void single_cpu(void){}

// Declares and defines the atom version of single_cpu.
__attribute__((cpu_specific(atom)))
void single_cpu(void){}

// Declares and defines both the ivybridge and atom version of multi_cpu.
__attribute__((cpu_specific(ivybridge, atom)))
void multi_cpu(void){}

A dispatching (or resolving) function can be declared anywhere in a project’s source code with cpu_dispatch. This attribute takes one or more CPU names as a parameter (like cpu_specific). Functions marked with cpu_dispatch are not expected to be defined, only declared. If such a marked function has a definition, any side effects of the function are ignored; trivial function bodies are permissible for ICC compatibility.

// Creates a resolver for single_cpu above.
__attribute__((cpu_dispatch(ivybridge, atom)))
void single_cpu(void){}

// Creates a resolver for multi_cpu, but adds a 3rd version defined in another
// translation unit.
__attribute__((cpu_dispatch(ivybridge, atom, sandybridge)))
void multi_cpu(void){}

Note that it is possible to have a resolving function that dispatches based on more or fewer options than are present in the program. Specifying fewer will result in the omitted options not being considered during resolution. Specifying a version for resolution that isn’t defined in the program will result in a linking failure.

It is also possible to specify a CPU name of generic which will be resolved if the executing processor doesn’t satisfy the features required in the CPU name. The behavior of a program executing on a processor that doesn’t satisfy any option of a multiversioned function is undefined.

diagnose_if¶

The diagnose_if attribute can be placed on function declarations to emit warnings or errors at compile-time if calls to the attributed function meet certain user-defined criteria. For example:

int abs(int a)
  __attribute__((diagnose_if(a >= 0, "Redundant abs call", "warning")));
int must_abs(int a)
  __attribute__((diagnose_if(a >= 0, "Redundant abs call", "error")));

int val = abs(1); // warning: Redundant abs call
int val2 = must_abs(1); // error: Redundant abs call
int val3 = abs(val);
int val4 = must_abs(val); // Because run-time checks are not emitted for
                          // diagnose_if attributes, this executes without
                          // issue.

diagnose_if is closely related to enable_if, with a few key differences:

• Overload resolution is not aware of diagnose_if attributes: they’re considered only after we select the best candidate from a given candidate set.
• Function declarations that differ only in their diagnose_if attributes are considered to be redeclarations of the same function (not overloads).
• If the condition provided to diagnose_if cannot be evaluated, no diagnostic will be emitted.

Otherwise, diagnose_if is essentially the logical negation of enable_if.

As a result of bullet number two, diagnose_if attributes will stack on the same function. For example:

int foo() __attribute__((diagnose_if(1, "diag1", "warning")));
int foo() __attribute__((diagnose_if(1, "diag2", "warning")));

int bar = foo(); // warning: diag1
                 // warning: diag2
int (*fooptr)(void) = foo; // warning: diag1
                           // warning: diag2

constexpr int supportsAPILevel(int N) { return N < 5; }
int baz(int a)
  __attribute__((diagnose_if(!supportsAPILevel(10),
                             "Upgrade to API level 10 to use baz", "error")));
int baz(int a)
  __attribute__((diagnose_if(!a, "0 is not recommended.", "warning")));

int (*bazptr)(int) = baz; // error: Upgrade to API level 10 to use baz
int v = baz(0); // error: Upgrade to API level 10 to use baz

Query for this feature with __has_attribute(diagnose_if).

disable_tail_calls¶

The disable_tail_calls attribute instructs the backend to not perform tail call optimization inside the marked function.

For example:

int callee(int);

int foo(int a) __attribute__((disable_tail_calls)) {
  return callee(a); // This call is not tail-call optimized.
}

Marking virtual functions as disable_tail_calls is legal.

int callee(int);

class Base {
public:
  [[clang::disable_tail_calls]] virtual int foo1() {
    return callee(); // This call is not tail-call optimized.
  }
};

class Derived1 : public Base {
public:
  int foo1() override {
    return callee(); // This call is tail-call optimized.
  }
};

enable_if¶

The enable_if attribute can be placed on function declarations to control which overload is selected based on the values of the function’s arguments. When combined with the overloadable attribute, this feature is also available in C.

int isdigit(int c);
int isdigit(int c) __attribute__((enable_if(c <= -1 || c > 255, "chosen when 'c' is out of range"))) __attribute__((unavailable("'c' must have the value of an unsigned char or EOF")));

void foo(char c) {
  isdigit(c);
  isdigit(10);
  isdigit(-10);  // results in a compile-time error.
}

The enable_if attribute takes two arguments, the first is an expression written in terms of the function parameters, the second is a string explaining why this overload candidate could not be selected to be displayed in diagnostics. The expression is part of the function signature for the purposes of determining whether it is a redeclaration (following the rules used when determining whether a C++ template specialization is ODR-equivalent), but is not part of the type.

The enable_if expression is evaluated as if it were the body of a bool-returning constexpr function declared with the arguments of the function it is being applied to, then called with the parameters at the call site. If the result is false or could not be determined through constant expression evaluation, then this overload will not be chosen and the provided string may be used in a diagnostic if the compile fails as a result.

Because the enable_if expression is an unevaluated context, there are no global state changes, nor the ability to pass information from the enable_if expression to the function body. For example, suppose we want calls to strnlen(strbuf, maxlen) to resolve to strnlen_chk(strbuf, maxlen, size of strbuf) only if the size of strbuf can be determined:

__attribute__((always_inline))
static inline size_t strnlen(const char *s, size_t maxlen)
  __attribute__((overloadable))
  __attribute__((enable_if(__builtin_object_size(s, 0) != -1))),
                           "chosen when the buffer size is known but 'maxlen' is not")))
{
  return strnlen_chk(s, maxlen, __builtin_object_size(s, 0));
}

Multiple enable_if attributes may be applied to a single declaration. In this case, the enable_if expressions are evaluated from left to right in the following manner. First, the candidates whose enable_if expressions evaluate to false or cannot be evaluated are discarded. If the remaining candidates do not share ODR-equivalent enable_if expressions, the overload resolution is ambiguous. Otherwise, enable_if overload resolution continues with the next enable_if attribute on the candidates that have not been discarded and have remaining enable_if attributes. In this way, we pick the most specific overload out of a number of viable overloads using enable_if.

void f() __attribute__((enable_if(true, "")));  // #1
void f() __attribute__((enable_if(true, ""))) __attribute__((enable_if(true, "")));  // #2

void g(int i, int j) __attribute__((enable_if(i, "")));  // #1
void g(int i, int j) __attribute__((enable_if(j, ""))) __attribute__((enable_if(true)));  // #2

In this example, a call to f() is always resolved to #2, as the first enable_if expression is ODR-equivalent for both declarations, but #1 does not have another enable_if expression to continue evaluating, so the next round of evaluation has only a single candidate. In a call to g(1, 1), the call is ambiguous even though #2 has more enable_if attributes, because the first enable_if expressions are not ODR-equivalent.

Query for this feature with __has_attribute(enable_if).

Note that functions with one or more enable_if attributes may not have their address taken, unless all of the conditions specified by said enable_if are constants that evaluate to true. For example:

const int TrueConstant = 1;
const int FalseConstant = 0;
int f(int a) __attribute__((enable_if(a > 0, "")));
int g(int a) __attribute__((enable_if(a == 0 || a != 0, "")));
int h(int a) __attribute__((enable_if(1, "")));
int i(int a) __attribute__((enable_if(TrueConstant, "")));
int j(int a) __attribute__((enable_if(FalseConstant, "")));

void fn() {
  int (*ptr)(int);
  ptr = &f; // error: 'a > 0' is not always true
  ptr = &g; // error: 'a == 0 || a != 0' is not a truthy constant
  ptr = &h; // OK: 1 is a truthy constant
  ptr = &i; // OK: 'TrueConstant' is a truthy constant
  ptr = &j; // error: 'FalseConstant' is a constant, but not truthy
}

Because enable_if evaluation happens during overload resolution, enable_if may give unintuitive results when used with templates, depending on when overloads are resolved. In the example below, clang will emit a diagnostic about no viable overloads for foo in bar, but not in baz:

double foo(int i) __attribute__((enable_if(i > 0, "")));
void *foo(int i) __attribute__((enable_if(i <= 0, "")));
template <int I>
auto bar() { return foo(I); }

template <typename T>
auto baz() { return foo(T::number); }

struct WithNumber { constexpr static int number = 1; };
void callThem() {
  bar<sizeof(WithNumber)>();
  baz<WithNumber>();
}

This is because, in bar, foo is resolved prior to template instantiation, so the value for I isn’t known (thus, both enable_if conditions for foo fail). However, in baz, foo is resolved during template instantiation, so the value for T::number is known.

exclude_from_explicit_instantiation¶

The exclude_from_explicit_instantiation attribute opts-out a member of a class template from being part of explicit template instantiations of that class template. This means that an explicit instantiation will not instantiate members of the class template marked with the attribute, but also that code where an extern template declaration of the enclosing class template is visible will not take for granted that an external instantiation of the class template would provide those members (which would otherwise be a link error, since the explicit instantiation won’t provide those members). For example, let’s say we don’t want the data() method to be part of libc++’s ABI. To make sure it is not exported from the dylib, we give it hidden visibility:

// in <string>
template <class CharT>
class basic_string {
public:
  __attribute__((__visibility__("hidden")))
  const value_type* data() const noexcept { ... }
};

template class basic_string<char>;

Since an explicit template instantiation declaration for basic_string<char> is provided, the compiler is free to assume that basic_string<char>::data() will be provided by another translation unit, and it is free to produce an external call to this function. However, since data() has hidden visibility and the explicit template instantiation is provided in a shared library (as opposed to simply another translation unit), basic_string<char>::data() won’t be found and a link error will ensue. This happens because the compiler assumes that basic_string<char>::data() is part of the explicit template instantiation declaration, when it really isn’t. To tell the compiler that data() is not part of the explicit template instantiation declaration, the exclude_from_explicit_instantiation attribute can be used:

// in <string>
template <class CharT>
class basic_string {
public:
  __attribute__((__visibility__("hidden")))
  __attribute__((exclude_from_explicit_instantiation))
  const value_type* data() const noexcept { ... }
};

template class basic_string<char>;

Now, the compiler won’t assume that basic_string<char>::data() is provided externally despite there being an explicit template instantiation declaration: the compiler will implicitly instantiate basic_string<char>::data() in the TUs where it is used.

This attribute can be used on static and non-static member functions of class templates, static data members of class templates and member classes of class templates.

export_name¶

Clang supports the __attribute__((export_name(<name>))) attribute for the WebAssembly target. This attribute may be attached to a function declaration, where it modifies how the symbol is to be exported from the linked WebAssembly.

WebAssembly functions are exported via string name. By default when a symbol is exported, the export name for C/C++ symbols are the same as their C/C++ symbol names. This attribute can be used to override the default behavior, and request a specific string name be used instead.

flatten¶

The flatten attribute causes calls within the attributed function to be inlined unless it is impossible to do so, for example if the body of the callee is unavailable or if the callee has the noinline attribute.

force_align_arg_pointer¶

Use this attribute to force stack alignment.

Legacy x86 code uses 4-byte stack alignment. Newer aligned SSE instructions (like ‘movaps’) that work with the stack require operands to be 16-byte aligned. This attribute realigns the stack in the function prologue to make sure the stack can be used with SSE instructions.

Note that the x86_64 ABI forces 16-byte stack alignment at the call site. Because of this, ‘force_align_arg_pointer’ is not needed on x86_64, except in rare cases where the caller does not align the stack properly (e.g. flow jumps from i386 arch code).

__attribute__ ((force_align_arg_pointer))
void f () {
  ...
}

format¶

Clang supports the format attribute, which indicates that the function accepts a printf or scanf-like format string and corresponding arguments or a va_list that contains these arguments.

Please see GCC documentation about format attribute to find details about attribute syntax.

Clang implements two kinds of checks with this attribute.

1. Clang checks that the function with the format attribute is called with a format string that uses format specifiers that are allowed, and that arguments match the format string. This is the -Wformat warning, it is on by default.

2. Clang checks that the format string argument is a literal string. This is the -Wformat-nonliteral warning, it is off by default.

   Clang implements this mostly the same way as GCC, but there is a difference for functions that accept a va_list argument (for example, vprintf). GCC does not emit -Wformat-nonliteral warning for calls to such functions. Clang does not warn if the format string comes from a function parameter, where the function is annotated with a compatible attribute, otherwise it warns. For example:

   __attribute__((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 3)))
   void foo(const char* s, char *buf, ...) {
     va_list ap;
     va_start(ap, buf);
   
     vprintf(s, ap); // warning: format string is not a string literal
   }
   

   In this case we warn because s contains a format string for a scanf-like function, but it is passed to a printf-like function.

   If the attribute is removed, clang still warns, because the format string is not a string literal.

   Another example:

   __attribute__((__format__ (__printf__, 1, 3)))
   void foo(const char* s, char *buf, ...) {
     va_list ap;
     va_start(ap, buf);
   
     vprintf(s, ap); // warning
   }
   

   In this case Clang does not warn because the format string s and the corresponding arguments are annotated. If the arguments are incorrect, the caller of foo will receive a warning.

gnu_inline¶

The gnu_inline changes the meaning of extern inline to use GNU inline semantics, meaning:

• If any declaration that is declared inline is not declared extern, then the inline keyword is just a hint. In particular, an out-of-line definition is still emitted for a function with external linkage, even if all call sites are inlined, unlike in C99 and C++ inline semantics.
• If all declarations that are declared inline are also declared extern, then the function body is present only for inlining and no out-of-line version is emitted.

Some important consequences: static inline emits an out-of-line version if needed, a plain inline definition emits an out-of-line version always, and an extern inline definition (in a header) followed by a (non-extern) inline declaration in a source file emits an out-of-line version of the function in that source file but provides the function body for inlining to all includers of the header.

Either __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__ (GNU inline semantics) or __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ (C99 semantics) will be defined (they are mutually exclusive). If __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ is defined, then the gnu_inline function attribute can be used to get GNU inline semantics on a per function basis. If __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__ is defined, then the translation unit is already being compiled with GNU inline semantics as the implied default. It is unspecified which macro is defined in a C++ compilation.

GNU inline semantics are the default behavior with -std=gnu89, -std=c89, -std=c94, or -fgnu89-inline.

guard¶

Code can indicate CFG checks are not wanted with the __declspec(guard(nocf)) attribute. This directs the compiler to not insert any CFG checks for the entire function. This approach is typically used only sparingly in specific situations where the programmer has manually inserted “CFG-equivalent” protection. The programmer knows that they are calling through some read-only function table whose address is obtained through read-only memory references and for which the index is masked to the function table limit. This approach may also be applied to small wrapper functions that are not inlined and that do nothing more than make a call through a function pointer. Since incorrect usage of this directive can compromise the security of CFG, the programmer must be very careful using the directive. Typically, this usage is limited to very small functions that only call one function.

Control Flow Guard documentation <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secbp/pe-metadata>

ifunc¶

__attribute__((ifunc("resolver"))) is used to mark that the address of a declaration should be resolved at runtime by calling a resolver function.

The symbol name of the resolver function is given in quotes. A function with this name (after mangling) must be defined in the current translation unit; it may be static. The resolver function should return a pointer.

The ifunc attribute may only be used on a function declaration. A function declaration with an ifunc attribute is considered to be a definition of the declared entity. The entity must not have weak linkage; for example, in C++, it cannot be applied to a declaration if a definition at that location would be considered inline.

Not all targets support this attribute. ELF target support depends on both the linker and runtime linker, and is available in at least lld 4.0 and later, binutils 2.20.1 and later, glibc v2.11.1 and later, and FreeBSD 9.1 and later. Non-ELF targets currently do not support this attribute.

import_module¶

Clang supports the __attribute__((import_module(<module_name>))) attribute for the WebAssembly target. This attribute may be attached to a function declaration, where it modifies how the symbol is to be imported within the WebAssembly linking environment.

WebAssembly imports use a two-level namespace scheme, consisting of a module name, which typically identifies a module from which to import, and a field name, which typically identifies a field from that module to import. By default, module names for C/C++ symbols are assigned automatically by the linker. This attribute can be used to override the default behavior, and request a specific module name be used instead.

import_name¶

Clang supports the __attribute__((import_name(<name>))) attribute for the WebAssembly target. This attribute may be attached to a function declaration, where it modifies how the symbol is to be imported within the WebAssembly linking environment.

WebAssembly imports use a two-level namespace scheme, consisting of a module name, which typically identifies a module from which to import, and a field name, which typically identifies a field from that module to import. By default, field names for C/C++ symbols are the same as their C/C++ symbol names. This attribute can be used to override the default behavior, and request a specific field name be used instead.

internal_linkage¶

The internal_linkage attribute changes the linkage type of the declaration to internal. This is similar to C-style static, but can be used on classes and class methods. When applied to a class definition, this attribute affects all methods and static data members of that class. This can be used to contain the ABI of a C++ library by excluding unwanted class methods from the export tables.

interrupt (ARM)¶

Clang supports the GNU style __attribute__((interrupt("TYPE"))) attribute on ARM targets. This attribute may be attached to a function definition and instructs the backend to generate appropriate function entry/exit code so that it can be used directly as an interrupt service routine.

The parameter passed to the interrupt attribute is optional, but if provided it must be a string literal with one of the following values: “IRQ”, “FIQ”, “SWI”, “ABORT”, “UNDEF”.

The semantics are as follows:

• If the function is AAPCS, Clang instructs the backend to realign the stack to 8 bytes on entry. This is a general requirement of the AAPCS at public interfaces, but may not hold when an exception is taken. Doing this allows other AAPCS functions to be called.

• If the CPU is M-class this is all that needs to be done since the architecture itself is designed in such a way that functions obeying the normal AAPCS ABI constraints are valid exception handlers.

• If the CPU is not M-class, the prologue and epilogue are modified to save all non-banked registers that are used, so that upon return the user-mode state will not be corrupted. Note that to avoid unnecessary overhead, only general-purpose (integer) registers are saved in this way. If VFP operations are needed, that state must be saved manually.

  Specifically, interrupt kinds other than “FIQ” will save all core registers except “lr” and “sp”. “FIQ” interrupts will save r0-r7.

• If the CPU is not M-class, the return instruction is changed to one of the canonical sequences permitted by the architecture for exception return. Where possible the function itself will make the necessary “lr” adjustments so that the “preferred return address” is selected.

  Unfortunately the compiler is unable to make this guarantee for an “UNDEF” handler, where the offset from “lr” to the preferred return address depends on the execution state of the code which generated the exception. In this case a sequence equivalent to “movs pc, lr” will be used.

interrupt (AVR)¶

Clang supports the GNU style __attribute__((interrupt)) attribute on AVR targets. This attribute may be attached to a function definition and instructs the backend to generate appropriate function entry/exit code so that it can be used directly as an interrupt service routine.

On the AVR, the hardware globally disables interrupts when an interrupt is executed. The first instruction of an interrupt handler declared with this attribute is a SEI instruction to re-enable interrupts. See also the signal attribute that does not insert a SEI instruction.

interrupt (MIPS)¶

Clang supports the GNU style __attribute__((interrupt("ARGUMENT"))) attribute on MIPS targets. This attribute may be attached to a function definition and instructs the backend to generate appropriate function entry/exit code so that it can be used directly as an interrupt service routine.

By default, the compiler will produce a function prologue and epilogue suitable for an interrupt service routine that handles an External Interrupt Controller (eic) generated interrupt. This behaviour can be explicitly requested with the “eic” argument.

Otherwise, for use with vectored interrupt mode, the argument passed should be of the form “vector=LEVEL” where LEVEL is one of the following values: “sw0”, “sw1”, “hw0”, “hw1”, “hw2”, “hw3”, “hw4”, “hw5”. The compiler will then set the interrupt mask to the corresponding level which will mask all interrupts up to and including the argument.

The semantics are as follows:

• The prologue is modified so that the Exception Program Counter (EPC) and Status coprocessor registers are saved to the stack. The interrupt mask is set so that the function can only be interrupted by a higher priority interrupt. The epilogue will restore the previous values of EPC and Status.
• The prologue and epilogue are modified to save and restore all non-kernel registers as necessary.
• The FPU is disabled in the prologue, as the floating pointer registers are not spilled to the stack.
• The function return sequence is changed to use an exception return instruction.
• The parameter sets the interrupt mask for the function corresponding to the interrupt level specified. If no mask is specified the interrupt mask defaults to “eic”.

interrupt (RISCV)¶

Clang supports the GNU style __attribute__((interrupt)) attribute on RISCV targets. This attribute may be attached to a function definition and instructs the backend to generate appropriate function entry/exit code so that it can be used directly as an interrupt service routine.

Permissible values for this parameter are user, supervisor, and machine. If there is no parameter, then it defaults to machine.

Repeated interrupt attribute on the same declaration will cause a warning to be emitted. In case of repeated declarations, the last one prevails.

Refer to: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/RISC-V-Function-Attributes.html https://riscv.org/specifications/privileged-isa/ The RISC-V Instruction Set Manual Volume II: Privileged Architecture Version 1.10.

kernel¶

__attribute__((kernel)) is used to mark a kernel function in RenderScript.

In RenderScript, kernel functions are used to express data-parallel computations. The RenderScript runtime efficiently parallelizes kernel functions to run on computational resources such as multi-core CPUs and GPUs. See the RenderScript documentation for more information.

lifetimebound¶

The lifetimebound attribute indicates that a resource owned by a function parameter or implicit object parameter is retained by the return value of the annotated function (or, for a parameter of a constructor, in the value of the constructed object). It is only supported in C++.

This attribute provides an experimental implementation of the facility described in the C++ committee paper P0936R0, and is subject to change as the design of the corresponding functionality changes.

long_call, far¶

Clang supports the __attribute__((long_call)), __attribute__((far)), and __attribute__((near)) attributes on MIPS targets. These attributes may only be added to function declarations and change the code generated by the compiler when directly calling the function. The near attribute allows calls to the function to be made using the jal instruction, which requires the function to be located in the same naturally aligned 256MB segment as the caller. The long_call and far attributes are synonyms and require the use of a different call sequence that works regardless of the distance between the functions.

These attributes have no effect for position-independent code.

These attributes take priority over command line switches such as -mlong-calls and -mno-long-calls.

micromips¶

Clang supports the GNU style __attribute__((micromips)) and __attribute__((nomicromips)) attributes on MIPS targets. These attributes may be attached to a function definition and instructs the backend to generate or not to generate microMIPS code for that function.

These attributes override the -mmicromips and -mno-micromips options on the command line.

mig_server_routine¶

The Mach Interface Generator release-on-success convention dictates functions that follow it to only release arguments passed to them when they return “success” (a kern_return_t error code that indicates that no errors have occured). Otherwise the release is performed by the MIG client that called the function. The annotation __attribute__((mig_server_routine)) is applied in order to specify which functions are expected to follow the convention. This allows the Static Analyzer to find bugs caused by violations of that convention. The attribute would normally appear on the forward declaration of the actual server routine in the MIG server header, but it may also be added to arbitrary functions that need to follow the same convention - for example, a user can add them to auxiliary functions called by the server routine that have their return value of type kern_return_t unconditionally returned from the routine. The attribute can be applied to C++ methods, and in this case it will be automatically applied to overrides if the method is virtual. The attribute can also be written using C++11 syntax: [[mig::server_routine]].

min_vector_width¶

Clang supports the __attribute__((min_vector_width(width))) attribute. This attribute may be attached to a function and informs the backend that this function desires vectors of at least this width to be generated. Target-specific maximum vector widths still apply. This means even if you ask for something larger than the target supports, you will only get what the target supports. This attribute is meant to be a hint to control target heuristics that may generate narrower vectors than what the target hardware supports.

This is currently used by the X86 target to allow some CPUs that support 512-bit vectors to be limited to using 256-bit vectors to avoid frequency penalties. This is currently enabled with the -prefer-vector-width=256 command line option. The min_vector_width attribute can be used to prevent the backend from trying to split vector operations to match the prefer-vector-width. All X86 vector intrinsics from x86intrin.h already set this attribute. Additionally, use of any of the X86-specific vector builtins will implicitly set this attribute on the calling function. The intent is that explicitly writing vector code using the X86 intrinsics will prevent prefer-vector-width from affecting the code.

no_builtin¶

no effect on the generated code.

The __attribute__((no_builtin)) is similar to the -fno-builtin flag except it is specific to the body of a function. The attribute may also be applied to a virtual function but has no effect on the behavior of overriding functions in a derived class.

It accepts one or more strings corresponding to the specific names of the builtins to disable (e.g. “memcpy”, “memset”). If the attribute is used without parameters it will disable all buitins at once.

// The compiler is not allowed to add any builtin to foo's body.
void foo(char* data, size_t count) __attribute__((no_builtin)) {
  // The compiler is not allowed to convert the loop into
  // `__builtin_memset(data, 0xFE, count);`.
  for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
    data[i] = 0xFE;
}

// The compiler is not allowed to add the `memcpy` builtin to bar's body.
void bar(char* data, size_t count) __attribute__((no_builtin("memcpy"))) {
  // The compiler is allowed to convert the loop into
  // `__builtin_memset(data, 0xFE, count);` but cannot generate any
  // `__builtin_memcpy`
  for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
    data[i] = 0xFE;
}

no_caller_saved_registers¶

Use this attribute to indicate that the specified function has no caller-saved registers. That is, all registers are callee-saved except for registers used for passing parameters to the function or returning parameters from the function. The compiler saves and restores any modified registers that were not used for passing or returning arguments to the function.

The user can call functions specified with the ‘no_caller_saved_registers’ attribute from an interrupt handler without saving and restoring all call-clobbered registers.

Note that ‘no_caller_saved_registers’ attribute is not a calling convention. In fact, it only overrides the decision of which registers should be saved by the caller, but not how the parameters are passed from the caller to the callee.

For example:

__attribute__ ((no_caller_saved_registers, fastcall))
void f (int arg1, int arg2) {
  ...
}

In this case parameters ‘arg1’ and ‘arg2’ will be passed in registers. In this case, on 32-bit x86 targets, the function ‘f’ will use ECX and EDX as register parameters. However, it will not assume any scratch registers and should save and restore any modified registers except for ECX and EDX.

no_sanitize¶

Use the no_sanitize attribute on a function or a global variable declaration to specify that a particular instrumentation or set of instrumentations should not be applied. The attribute takes a list of string literals, which have the same meaning as values accepted by the -fno-sanitize= flag. For example, __attribute__((no_sanitize("address", "thread"))) specifies that AddressSanitizer and ThreadSanitizer should not be applied to the function or variable.

See Controlling Code Generation for a full list of supported sanitizer flags.

no_sanitize_address, no_address_safety_analysis¶

Use __attribute__((no_sanitize_address)) on a function or a global variable declaration to specify that address safety instrumentation (e.g. AddressSanitizer) should not be applied.

no_sanitize_memory¶

Use __attribute__((no_sanitize_memory)) on a function declaration to specify that checks for uninitialized memory should not be inserted (e.g. by MemorySanitizer). The function may still be instrumented by the tool to avoid false positives in other places.

no_sanitize_thread¶

Use __attribute__((no_sanitize_thread)) on a function declaration to specify that checks for data races on plain (non-atomic) memory accesses should not be inserted by ThreadSanitizer. The function is still instrumented by the tool to avoid false positives and provide meaningful stack traces.

no_speculative_load_hardening¶

This attribute can be applied to a function declaration in order to indicate

that Speculative Load Hardening is not needed for the function body. This can also be applied to a method in Objective C. This attribute will take precedence over the command line flag in the case where -mspeculative-load-hardening is specified.

Warning: This attribute may not prevent Speculative Load Hardening from being enabled for a function which inlines a function that has the ‘speculative_load_hardening’ attribute. This is intended to provide a maximally conservative model where the code that is marked with the ‘speculative_load_hardening’ attribute will always (even when inlined) be hardened. A user of this attribute may want to mark functions called by a function they do not want to be hardened with the ‘noinline’ attribute.

For example:

__attribute__((speculative_load_hardening))
int foo(int i) {
  return i;
}

// Note: bar() may still have speculative load hardening enabled if
// foo() is inlined into bar(). Mark foo() with __attribute__((noinline))
// to avoid this situation.
__attribute__((no_speculative_load_hardening))
int bar(int i) {
  return foo(i);
}

no_split_stack¶

The no_split_stack attribute disables the emission of the split stack preamble for a particular function. It has no effect if -fsplit-stack is not specified.

no_stack_protector¶

Clang supports the __attribute__((no_stack_protector)) attribute which disables the stack protector on the specified function. This attribute is useful for selectively disabling the stack protector on some functions when building with -fstack-protector compiler option.

For example, it disables the stack protector for the function foo but function bar will still be built with the stack protector with the -fstack-protector option.

int __attribute__((no_stack_protector))
foo (int x); // stack protection will be disabled for foo.

int bar(int y); // bar can be built with the stack protector.

noalias¶

The noalias attribute indicates that the only memory accesses inside function are loads and stores from objects pointed to by its pointer-typed arguments, with arbitrary offsets.

nocf_check¶

Jump Oriented Programming attacks rely on tampering with addresses used by indirect call / jmp, e.g. redirect control-flow to non-programmer intended bytes in the binary. X86 Supports Indirect Branch Tracking (IBT) as part of Control-Flow Enforcement Technology (CET). IBT instruments ENDBR instructions used to specify valid targets of indirect call / jmp. The nocf_check attribute has two roles: 1. Appertains to a function - do not add ENDBR instruction at the beginning of the function. 2. Appertains to a function pointer - do not track the target function of this pointer (by adding nocf_check prefix to the indirect-call instruction).

nodiscard, warn_unused_result¶

Clang supports the ability to diagnose when the results of a function call expression are discarded under suspicious circumstances. A diagnostic is generated when a function or its return type is marked with [[nodiscard]] (or __attribute__((warn_unused_result))) and the function call appears as a potentially-evaluated discarded-value expression that is not explicitly cast to void.

A string literal may optionally be provided to the attribute, which will be reproduced in any resulting diagnostics. Redeclarations using different forms of the attribute (with or without the string literal or with different string literal contents) are allowed. If there are redeclarations of the entity with differing string literals, it is unspecified which one will be used by Clang in any resulting diagnostics.

Additionally, discarded temporaries resulting from a call to a constructor marked with [[nodiscard]] or a constructor of a type marked [[nodiscard]] will also diagnose. This also applies to type conversions that use the annotated [[nodiscard]] constructor or result in an annotated type.

noduplicate¶

The noduplicate attribute can be placed on function declarations to control whether function calls to this function can be duplicated or not as a result of optimizations. This is required for the implementation of functions with certain special requirements, like the OpenCL “barrier” function, that might need to be run concurrently by all the threads that are executing in lockstep on the hardware. For example this attribute applied on the function “nodupfunc” in the code below avoids that:

void nodupfunc() __attribute__((noduplicate));
// Setting it as a C++11 attribute is also valid
// void nodupfunc() [[clang::noduplicate]];
void foo();
void bar();

nodupfunc();
if (a > n) {
  foo();
} else {
  bar();
}

gets possibly modified by some optimizations into code similar to this:

if (a > n) {
  nodupfunc();
  foo();
} else {
  nodupfunc();
  bar();
}

where the call to “nodupfunc” is duplicated and sunk into the two branches of the condition.

nomicromips¶

Clang supports the GNU style __attribute__((micromips)) and __attribute__((nomicromips)) attributes on MIPS targets. These attributes may be attached to a function definition and instructs the backend to generate or not to generate microMIPS code for that function.

These attributes override the -mmicromips and -mno-micromips options on the command line.

noreturn¶

A function declared as [[noreturn]] shall not return to its caller. The compiler will generate a diagnostic for a function declared as [[noreturn]] that appears to be capable of returning to its caller.

not_tail_called¶

The not_tail_called attribute prevents tail-call optimization on statically bound calls. It has no effect on indirect calls. Virtual functions, objective-c methods, and functions marked as always_inline cannot be marked as not_tail_called.

For example, it prevents tail-call optimization in the following case:

int __attribute__((not_tail_called)) foo1(int);

int foo2(int a) {
  return foo1(a); // No tail-call optimization on direct calls.
}

However, it doesn’t prevent tail-call optimization in this case:

int __attribute__((not_tail_called)) foo1(int);

int foo2(int a) {
  int (*fn)(int) = &foo1;

  // not_tail_called has no effect on an indirect call even if the call can be
  // resolved at compile time.
  return (*fn)(a);
}

Marking virtual functions as not_tail_called is an error:

class Base {
public:
  // not_tail_called on a virtual function is an error.
  [[clang::not_tail_called]] virtual int foo1();

  virtual int foo2();

  // Non-virtual functions can be marked ``not_tail_called``.
  [[clang::not_tail_called]] int foo3();
};

class Derived1 : public Base {
public:
  int foo1() override;

  // not_tail_called on a virtual function is an error.
  [[clang::not_tail_called]] int foo2() override;
};

nothrow¶

Clang supports the GNU style __attribute__((nothrow)) and Microsoft style __declspec(nothrow) attribute as an equivalent of noexcept on function declarations. This attribute informs the compiler that the annotated function does not throw an exception. This prevents exception-unwinding. This attribute is particularly useful on functions in the C Standard Library that are guaranteed to not throw an exception.

ns_consumed¶

The behavior of a function with respect to reference counting for Foundation (Objective-C), CoreFoundation (C) and OSObject (C++) is determined by a naming convention (e.g. functions starting with “get” are assumed to return at +0).

It can be overriden using a family of the following attributes. In Objective-C, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_retained)) applied to a function communicates that the object is returned at +1, and the caller is responsible for freeing it. Similiarly, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained)) specifies that the object is returned at +0 and the ownership remains with the callee. The annotation __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)) specifies that the Objective-C method call consumes the reference to self, e.g. by attaching it to a supplied parameter. Additionally, parameters can have an annotation __attribute__((ns_consumed)), which specifies that passing an owned object as that parameter effectively transfers the ownership, and the caller is no longer responsible for it. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

In C programs using CoreFoundation, a similar set of attributes: __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((cf_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((cf_consumed)) have the same respective semantics when applied to CoreFoundation objects. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

Finally, in C++ interacting with XNU kernel (objects inheriting from OSObject), the same attribute family is present: __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((os_consumed)), with the same respective semantics. Similar to __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)), __attribute__((os_consumes_this)) specifies that the method call consumes the reference to “this” (e.g., when attaching it to a different object supplied as a parameter). Out parameters (parameters the function is meant to write into, either via pointers-to-pointers or references-to-pointers) may be annotated with __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) or __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)) which specifies that the object written into the out parameter should (or respectively should not) be released after use. Since often out parameters may or may not be written depending on the exit code of the function, annotations __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_zero)) and __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_non_zero)) specify that an out parameter at +1 is written if and only if the function returns a zero (respectively non-zero) error code. Observe that return-code-dependent out parameter annotations are only available for retained out parameters, as non-retained object do not have to be released by the callee. These attributes are only used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

The family of attributes X_returns_X_retained can be added to functions, C++ methods, and Objective-C methods and properties. Attributes X_consumed can be added to parameters of methods, functions, and Objective-C methods.

ns_consumes_self¶

The behavior of a function with respect to reference counting for Foundation (Objective-C), CoreFoundation (C) and OSObject (C++) is determined by a naming convention (e.g. functions starting with “get” are assumed to return at +0).

It can be overriden using a family of the following attributes. In Objective-C, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_retained)) applied to a function communicates that the object is returned at +1, and the caller is responsible for freeing it. Similiarly, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained)) specifies that the object is returned at +0 and the ownership remains with the callee. The annotation __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)) specifies that the Objective-C method call consumes the reference to self, e.g. by attaching it to a supplied parameter. Additionally, parameters can have an annotation __attribute__((ns_consumed)), which specifies that passing an owned object as that parameter effectively transfers the ownership, and the caller is no longer responsible for it. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

In C programs using CoreFoundation, a similar set of attributes: __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((cf_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((cf_consumed)) have the same respective semantics when applied to CoreFoundation objects. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

Finally, in C++ interacting with XNU kernel (objects inheriting from OSObject), the same attribute family is present: __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((os_consumed)), with the same respective semantics. Similar to __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)), __attribute__((os_consumes_this)) specifies that the method call consumes the reference to “this” (e.g., when attaching it to a different object supplied as a parameter). Out parameters (parameters the function is meant to write into, either via pointers-to-pointers or references-to-pointers) may be annotated with __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) or __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)) which specifies that the object written into the out parameter should (or respectively should not) be released after use. Since often out parameters may or may not be written depending on the exit code of the function, annotations __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_zero)) and __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_non_zero)) specify that an out parameter at +1 is written if and only if the function returns a zero (respectively non-zero) error code. Observe that return-code-dependent out parameter annotations are only available for retained out parameters, as non-retained object do not have to be released by the callee. These attributes are only used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

The family of attributes X_returns_X_retained can be added to functions, C++ methods, and Objective-C methods and properties. Attributes X_consumed can be added to parameters of methods, functions, and Objective-C methods.

ns_returns_autoreleased¶

The behavior of a function with respect to reference counting for Foundation (Objective-C), CoreFoundation (C) and OSObject (C++) is determined by a naming convention (e.g. functions starting with “get” are assumed to return at +0).

It can be overriden using a family of the following attributes. In Objective-C, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_retained)) applied to a function communicates that the object is returned at +1, and the caller is responsible for freeing it. Similiarly, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained)) specifies that the object is returned at +0 and the ownership remains with the callee. The annotation __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)) specifies that the Objective-C method call consumes the reference to self, e.g. by attaching it to a supplied parameter. Additionally, parameters can have an annotation __attribute__((ns_consumed)), which specifies that passing an owned object as that parameter effectively transfers the ownership, and the caller is no longer responsible for it. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

In C programs using CoreFoundation, a similar set of attributes: __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((cf_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((cf_consumed)) have the same respective semantics when applied to CoreFoundation objects. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

Finally, in C++ interacting with XNU kernel (objects inheriting from OSObject), the same attribute family is present: __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((os_consumed)), with the same respective semantics. Similar to __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)), __attribute__((os_consumes_this)) specifies that the method call consumes the reference to “this” (e.g., when attaching it to a different object supplied as a parameter). Out parameters (parameters the function is meant to write into, either via pointers-to-pointers or references-to-pointers) may be annotated with __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) or __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)) which specifies that the object written into the out parameter should (or respectively should not) be released after use. Since often out parameters may or may not be written depending on the exit code of the function, annotations __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_zero)) and __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_non_zero)) specify that an out parameter at +1 is written if and only if the function returns a zero (respectively non-zero) error code. Observe that return-code-dependent out parameter annotations are only available for retained out parameters, as non-retained object do not have to be released by the callee. These attributes are only used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

The family of attributes X_returns_X_retained can be added to functions, C++ methods, and Objective-C methods and properties. Attributes X_consumed can be added to parameters of methods, functions, and Objective-C methods.

ns_returns_not_retained¶

The behavior of a function with respect to reference counting for Foundation (Objective-C), CoreFoundation (C) and OSObject (C++) is determined by a naming convention (e.g. functions starting with “get” are assumed to return at +0).

It can be overriden using a family of the following attributes. In Objective-C, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_retained)) applied to a function communicates that the object is returned at +1, and the caller is responsible for freeing it. Similiarly, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained)) specifies that the object is returned at +0 and the ownership remains with the callee. The annotation __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)) specifies that the Objective-C method call consumes the reference to self, e.g. by attaching it to a supplied parameter. Additionally, parameters can have an annotation __attribute__((ns_consumed)), which specifies that passing an owned object as that parameter effectively transfers the ownership, and the caller is no longer responsible for it. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

In C programs using CoreFoundation, a similar set of attributes: __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((cf_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((cf_consumed)) have the same respective semantics when applied to CoreFoundation objects. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

Finally, in C++ interacting with XNU kernel (objects inheriting from OSObject), the same attribute family is present: __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((os_consumed)), with the same respective semantics. Similar to __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)), __attribute__((os_consumes_this)) specifies that the method call consumes the reference to “this” (e.g., when attaching it to a different object supplied as a parameter). Out parameters (parameters the function is meant to write into, either via pointers-to-pointers or references-to-pointers) may be annotated with __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) or __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)) which specifies that the object written into the out parameter should (or respectively should not) be released after use. Since often out parameters may or may not be written depending on the exit code of the function, annotations __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_zero)) and __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_non_zero)) specify that an out parameter at +1 is written if and only if the function returns a zero (respectively non-zero) error code. Observe that return-code-dependent out parameter annotations are only available for retained out parameters, as non-retained object do not have to be released by the callee. These attributes are only used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

The family of attributes X_returns_X_retained can be added to functions, C++ methods, and Objective-C methods and properties. Attributes X_consumed can be added to parameters of methods, functions, and Objective-C methods.

ns_returns_retained¶

The behavior of a function with respect to reference counting for Foundation (Objective-C), CoreFoundation (C) and OSObject (C++) is determined by a naming convention (e.g. functions starting with “get” are assumed to return at +0).

It can be overriden using a family of the following attributes. In Objective-C, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_retained)) applied to a function communicates that the object is returned at +1, and the caller is responsible for freeing it. Similiarly, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained)) specifies that the object is returned at +0 and the ownership remains with the callee. The annotation __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)) specifies that the Objective-C method call consumes the reference to self, e.g. by attaching it to a supplied parameter. Additionally, parameters can have an annotation __attribute__((ns_consumed)), which specifies that passing an owned object as that parameter effectively transfers the ownership, and the caller is no longer responsible for it. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

In C programs using CoreFoundation, a similar set of attributes: __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((cf_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((cf_consumed)) have the same respective semantics when applied to CoreFoundation objects. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

Finally, in C++ interacting with XNU kernel (objects inheriting from OSObject), the same attribute family is present: __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((os_consumed)), with the same respective semantics. Similar to __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)), __attribute__((os_consumes_this)) specifies that the method call consumes the reference to “this” (e.g., when attaching it to a different object supplied as a parameter). Out parameters (parameters the function is meant to write into, either via pointers-to-pointers or references-to-pointers) may be annotated with __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) or __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)) which specifies that the object written into the out parameter should (or respectively should not) be released after use. Since often out parameters may or may not be written depending on the exit code of the function, annotations __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_zero)) and __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_non_zero)) specify that an out parameter at +1 is written if and only if the function returns a zero (respectively non-zero) error code. Observe that return-code-dependent out parameter annotations are only available for retained out parameters, as non-retained object do not have to be released by the callee. These attributes are only used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

The family of attributes X_returns_X_retained can be added to functions, C++ methods, and Objective-C methods and properties. Attributes X_consumed can be added to parameters of methods, functions, and Objective-C methods.

objc_method_family¶

Many methods in Objective-C have conventional meanings determined by their selectors. It is sometimes useful to be able to mark a method as having a particular conventional meaning despite not having the right selector, or as not having the conventional meaning that its selector would suggest. For these use cases, we provide an attribute to specifically describe the “method family” that a method belongs to.

Usage: __attribute__((objc_method_family(X))), where X is one of none, alloc, copy, init, mutableCopy, or new. This attribute can only be placed at the end of a method declaration:

- (NSString *)initMyStringValue __attribute__((objc_method_family(none)));

Users who do not wish to change the conventional meaning of a method, and who merely want to document its non-standard retain and release semantics, should use the retaining behavior attributes (ns_returns_retained, ns_returns_not_retained, etc).

Query for this feature with __has_attribute(objc_method_family).

objc_requires_super¶

Some Objective-C classes allow a subclass to override a particular method in a parent class but expect that the overriding method also calls the overridden method in the parent class. For these cases, we provide an attribute to designate that a method requires a “call to super” in the overriding method in the subclass.

Usage: __attribute__((objc_requires_super)). This attribute can only be placed at the end of a method declaration:

- (void)foo __attribute__((objc_requires_super));

This attribute can only be applied the method declarations within a class, and not a protocol. Currently this attribute does not enforce any placement of where the call occurs in the overriding method (such as in the case of -dealloc where the call must appear at the end). It checks only that it exists.

Note that on both OS X and iOS that the Foundation framework provides a convenience macro NS_REQUIRES_SUPER that provides syntactic sugar for this attribute:

- (void)foo NS_REQUIRES_SUPER;

This macro is conditionally defined depending on the compiler’s support for this attribute. If the compiler does not support the attribute the macro expands to nothing.

Operationally, when a method has this annotation the compiler will warn if the implementation of an override in a subclass does not call super. For example:

warning: method possibly missing a [super AnnotMeth] call
- (void) AnnotMeth{};
                   ^

optnone¶

The optnone attribute suppresses essentially all optimizations on a function or method, regardless of the optimization level applied to the compilation unit as a whole. This is particularly useful when you need to debug a particular function, but it is infeasible to build the entire application without optimization. Avoiding optimization on the specified function can improve the quality of the debugging information for that function.

This attribute is incompatible with the always_inline and minsize attributes.

os_consumed¶

The behavior of a function with respect to reference counting for Foundation (Objective-C), CoreFoundation (C) and OSObject (C++) is determined by a naming convention (e.g. functions starting with “get” are assumed to return at +0).

It can be overriden using a family of the following attributes. In Objective-C, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_retained)) applied to a function communicates that the object is returned at +1, and the caller is responsible for freeing it. Similiarly, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained)) specifies that the object is returned at +0 and the ownership remains with the callee. The annotation __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)) specifies that the Objective-C method call consumes the reference to self, e.g. by attaching it to a supplied parameter. Additionally, parameters can have an annotation __attribute__((ns_consumed)), which specifies that passing an owned object as that parameter effectively transfers the ownership, and the caller is no longer responsible for it. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

In C programs using CoreFoundation, a similar set of attributes: __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((cf_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((cf_consumed)) have the same respective semantics when applied to CoreFoundation objects. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

Finally, in C++ interacting with XNU kernel (objects inheriting from OSObject), the same attribute family is present: __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((os_consumed)), with the same respective semantics. Similar to __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)), __attribute__((os_consumes_this)) specifies that the method call consumes the reference to “this” (e.g., when attaching it to a different object supplied as a parameter). Out parameters (parameters the function is meant to write into, either via pointers-to-pointers or references-to-pointers) may be annotated with __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) or __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)) which specifies that the object written into the out parameter should (or respectively should not) be released after use. Since often out parameters may or may not be written depending on the exit code of the function, annotations __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_zero)) and __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_non_zero)) specify that an out parameter at +1 is written if and only if the function returns a zero (respectively non-zero) error code. Observe that return-code-dependent out parameter annotations are only available for retained out parameters, as non-retained object do not have to be released by the callee. These attributes are only used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

The family of attributes X_returns_X_retained can be added to functions, C++ methods, and Objective-C methods and properties. Attributes X_consumed can be added to parameters of methods, functions, and Objective-C methods.

os_consumes_this¶

The behavior of a function with respect to reference counting for Foundation (Objective-C), CoreFoundation (C) and OSObject (C++) is determined by a naming convention (e.g. functions starting with “get” are assumed to return at +0).

It can be overriden using a family of the following attributes. In Objective-C, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_retained)) applied to a function communicates that the object is returned at +1, and the caller is responsible for freeing it. Similiarly, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained)) specifies that the object is returned at +0 and the ownership remains with the callee. The annotation __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)) specifies that the Objective-C method call consumes the reference to self, e.g. by attaching it to a supplied parameter. Additionally, parameters can have an annotation __attribute__((ns_consumed)), which specifies that passing an owned object as that parameter effectively transfers the ownership, and the caller is no longer responsible for it. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

In C programs using CoreFoundation, a similar set of attributes: __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((cf_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((cf_consumed)) have the same respective semantics when applied to CoreFoundation objects. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

Finally, in C++ interacting with XNU kernel (objects inheriting from OSObject), the same attribute family is present: __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((os_consumed)), with the same respective semantics. Similar to __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)), __attribute__((os_consumes_this)) specifies that the method call consumes the reference to “this” (e.g., when attaching it to a different object supplied as a parameter). Out parameters (parameters the function is meant to write into, either via pointers-to-pointers or references-to-pointers) may be annotated with __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) or __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)) which specifies that the object written into the out parameter should (or respectively should not) be released after use. Since often out parameters may or may not be written depending on the exit code of the function, annotations __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_zero)) and __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_non_zero)) specify that an out parameter at +1 is written if and only if the function returns a zero (respectively non-zero) error code. Observe that return-code-dependent out parameter annotations are only available for retained out parameters, as non-retained object do not have to be released by the callee. These attributes are only used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

The family of attributes X_returns_X_retained can be added to functions, C++ methods, and Objective-C methods and properties. Attributes X_consumed can be added to parameters of methods, functions, and Objective-C methods.

os_returns_not_retained¶

The behavior of a function with respect to reference counting for Foundation (Objective-C), CoreFoundation (C) and OSObject (C++) is determined by a naming convention (e.g. functions starting with “get” are assumed to return at +0).

It can be overriden using a family of the following attributes. In Objective-C, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_retained)) applied to a function communicates that the object is returned at +1, and the caller is responsible for freeing it. Similiarly, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained)) specifies that the object is returned at +0 and the ownership remains with the callee. The annotation __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)) specifies that the Objective-C method call consumes the reference to self, e.g. by attaching it to a supplied parameter. Additionally, parameters can have an annotation __attribute__((ns_consumed)), which specifies that passing an owned object as that parameter effectively transfers the ownership, and the caller is no longer responsible for it. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

In C programs using CoreFoundation, a similar set of attributes: __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((cf_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((cf_consumed)) have the same respective semantics when applied to CoreFoundation objects. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

Finally, in C++ interacting with XNU kernel (objects inheriting from OSObject), the same attribute family is present: __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((os_consumed)), with the same respective semantics. Similar to __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)), __attribute__((os_consumes_this)) specifies that the method call consumes the reference to “this” (e.g., when attaching it to a different object supplied as a parameter). Out parameters (parameters the function is meant to write into, either via pointers-to-pointers or references-to-pointers) may be annotated with __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) or __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)) which specifies that the object written into the out parameter should (or respectively should not) be released after use. Since often out parameters may or may not be written depending on the exit code of the function, annotations __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_zero)) and __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_non_zero)) specify that an out parameter at +1 is written if and only if the function returns a zero (respectively non-zero) error code. Observe that return-code-dependent out parameter annotations are only available for retained out parameters, as non-retained object do not have to be released by the callee. These attributes are only used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

The family of attributes X_returns_X_retained can be added to functions, C++ methods, and Objective-C methods and properties. Attributes X_consumed can be added to parameters of methods, functions, and Objective-C methods.

os_returns_retained¶

The behavior of a function with respect to reference counting for Foundation (Objective-C), CoreFoundation (C) and OSObject (C++) is determined by a naming convention (e.g. functions starting with “get” are assumed to return at +0).

It can be overriden using a family of the following attributes. In Objective-C, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_retained)) applied to a function communicates that the object is returned at +1, and the caller is responsible for freeing it. Similiarly, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained)) specifies that the object is returned at +0 and the ownership remains with the callee. The annotation __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)) specifies that the Objective-C method call consumes the reference to self, e.g. by attaching it to a supplied parameter. Additionally, parameters can have an annotation __attribute__((ns_consumed)), which specifies that passing an owned object as that parameter effectively transfers the ownership, and the caller is no longer responsible for it. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

In C programs using CoreFoundation, a similar set of attributes: __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((cf_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((cf_consumed)) have the same respective semantics when applied to CoreFoundation objects. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

Finally, in C++ interacting with XNU kernel (objects inheriting from OSObject), the same attribute family is present: __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((os_consumed)), with the same respective semantics. Similar to __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)), __attribute__((os_consumes_this)) specifies that the method call consumes the reference to “this” (e.g., when attaching it to a different object supplied as a parameter). Out parameters (parameters the function is meant to write into, either via pointers-to-pointers or references-to-pointers) may be annotated with __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) or __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)) which specifies that the object written into the out parameter should (or respectively should not) be released after use. Since often out parameters may or may not be written depending on the exit code of the function, annotations __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_zero)) and __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_non_zero)) specify that an out parameter at +1 is written if and only if the function returns a zero (respectively non-zero) error code. Observe that return-code-dependent out parameter annotations are only available for retained out parameters, as non-retained object do not have to be released by the callee. These attributes are only used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

The family of attributes X_returns_X_retained can be added to functions, C++ methods, and Objective-C methods and properties. Attributes X_consumed can be added to parameters of methods, functions, and Objective-C methods.

os_returns_retained_on_non_zero¶

The behavior of a function with respect to reference counting for Foundation (Objective-C), CoreFoundation (C) and OSObject (C++) is determined by a naming convention (e.g. functions starting with “get” are assumed to return at +0).

It can be overriden using a family of the following attributes. In Objective-C, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_retained)) applied to a function communicates that the object is returned at +1, and the caller is responsible for freeing it. Similiarly, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained)) specifies that the object is returned at +0 and the ownership remains with the callee. The annotation __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)) specifies that the Objective-C method call consumes the reference to self, e.g. by attaching it to a supplied parameter. Additionally, parameters can have an annotation __attribute__((ns_consumed)), which specifies that passing an owned object as that parameter effectively transfers the ownership, and the caller is no longer responsible for it. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

In C programs using CoreFoundation, a similar set of attributes: __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((cf_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((cf_consumed)) have the same respective semantics when applied to CoreFoundation objects. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

Finally, in C++ interacting with XNU kernel (objects inheriting from OSObject), the same attribute family is present: __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((os_consumed)), with the same respective semantics. Similar to __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)), __attribute__((os_consumes_this)) specifies that the method call consumes the reference to “this” (e.g., when attaching it to a different object supplied as a parameter). Out parameters (parameters the function is meant to write into, either via pointers-to-pointers or references-to-pointers) may be annotated with __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) or __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)) which specifies that the object written into the out parameter should (or respectively should not) be released after use. Since often out parameters may or may not be written depending on the exit code of the function, annotations __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_zero)) and __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_non_zero)) specify that an out parameter at +1 is written if and only if the function returns a zero (respectively non-zero) error code. Observe that return-code-dependent out parameter annotations are only available for retained out parameters, as non-retained object do not have to be released by the callee. These attributes are only used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

The family of attributes X_returns_X_retained can be added to functions, C++ methods, and Objective-C methods and properties. Attributes X_consumed can be added to parameters of methods, functions, and Objective-C methods.

os_returns_retained_on_zero¶

The behavior of a function with respect to reference counting for Foundation (Objective-C), CoreFoundation (C) and OSObject (C++) is determined by a naming convention (e.g. functions starting with “get” are assumed to return at +0).

It can be overriden using a family of the following attributes. In Objective-C, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_retained)) applied to a function communicates that the object is returned at +1, and the caller is responsible for freeing it. Similiarly, the annotation __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained)) specifies that the object is returned at +0 and the ownership remains with the callee. The annotation __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)) specifies that the Objective-C method call consumes the reference to self, e.g. by attaching it to a supplied parameter. Additionally, parameters can have an annotation __attribute__((ns_consumed)), which specifies that passing an owned object as that parameter effectively transfers the ownership, and the caller is no longer responsible for it. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

In C programs using CoreFoundation, a similar set of attributes: __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((cf_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((cf_consumed)) have the same respective semantics when applied to CoreFoundation objects. These attributes affect code generation when interacting with ARC code, and they are used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

Finally, in C++ interacting with XNU kernel (objects inheriting from OSObject), the same attribute family is present: __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)), __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) and __attribute__((os_consumed)), with the same respective semantics. Similar to __attribute__((ns_consumes_self)), __attribute__((os_consumes_this)) specifies that the method call consumes the reference to “this” (e.g., when attaching it to a different object supplied as a parameter). Out parameters (parameters the function is meant to write into, either via pointers-to-pointers or references-to-pointers) may be annotated with __attribute__((os_returns_retained)) or __attribute__((os_returns_not_retained)) which specifies that the object written into the out parameter should (or respectively should not) be released after use. Since often out parameters may or may not be written depending on the exit code of the function, annotations __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_zero)) and __attribute__((os_returns_retained_on_non_zero)) specify that an out parameter at +1 is written if and only if the function returns a zero (respectively non-zero) error code. Observe that return-code-dependent out parameter annotations are only available for retained out parameters, as non-retained object do not have to be released by the callee. These attributes are only used by the Clang Static Analyzer.

The family of attributes X_returns_X_retained can be added to functions, C++ methods, and Objective-C methods and properties. Attributes X_consumed can be added to parameters of methods, functions, and Objective-C methods.

overloadable¶

Clang provides support for C++ function overloading in C. Function overloading in C is introduced using the overloadable attribute. For example, one might provide several overloaded versions of a tgsin function that invokes the appropriate standard function computing the sine of a value with float, double, or long double precision:

#include <math.h>
float __attribute__((overloadable)) tgsin(float x) { return sinf(x); }
double __attribute__((overloadable)) tgsin(double x) { return sin(x); }
long double __attribute__((overloadable)) tgsin(long double x) { return sinl(x); }

Given these declarations, one can call tgsin with a float value to receive a float result, with a double to receive a double result, etc. Function overloading in C follows the rules of C++ function overloading to pick the best overload given the call arguments, with a few C-specific semantics:

• Conversion from float or double to long double is ranked as a floating-point promotion (per C99) rather than as a floating-point conversion (as in C++).
• A conversion from a pointer of type T* to a pointer of type U* is considered a pointer conversion (with conversion rank) if T and U are compatible types.
• A conversion from type T to a value of type U is permitted if T and U are compatible types. This conversion is given “conversion” rank.
• If no viable candidates are otherwise available, we allow a conversion from a pointer of type T* to a pointer of type U*, where T and U are incompatible. This conversion is ranked below all other types of conversions. Please note: U lacking qualifiers that are present on T is sufficient for T and U to be incompatible.